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Fauna of Ireland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is Ireland's largest wild mammal and could be considered its national animal. A stag appeared on the old £1 coin.
The wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) enjoys an exalted position as "King of All Birds" in Irish folklore, but is the villain in the tale of Saint Stephen

The fauna of Ireland comprises all the animal species inhabiting the island of Ireland and its surrounding waters.

Summary

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This table uses figures supplied by the National Parks and Wildlife Service.[1]

Phylum Class(es) Species Notes
Porifera (sponges) Calcarea, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha 290 (list)
Cnidaria Anthozoa (sea anemones, soft coral)
Hydrozoa (hydroids and siphonophores)
Scyphozoa (true sea jellies)
Staurozoa (stalked sea jellies)		 302 (list)
Chordata Ascidiacea (sea squirts) 78 (list)
Appendicularia (larvaceans) 9 (list)
Thaliacea (pelagic tunicates) 11 (list)
Hyperoartia (lampreys) 3 (list)
Myxini (hagfish) 2 (list)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) 64 (list)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fish) 363 (list)
Amphibia 4 (list)
Reptilia 16 (list)
Aves (birds) 444 (list)
Mammalia 79 (list) 46 terrestrial, 33 marine
Echinodermata Asteroidea (sea stars)
Crinoidea (feather stars)
Echinoidea (sea urchins)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)		 192 (list)
Arthropoda Crustacea 1,774 (list)
Arachnida 860 (list)
Myriapoda 59 (list)
Insecta 7,162 Lists: beetles, butterflies, moths, dragonflies and damselflies, grasshoppers and bush-crickets, flies, Hymenoptera, bugs
Mollusca 1,088 (list)
Annelida (segmented worms) 321 241 marine, 80 non-marine (list)
Bryozoa (moss animals) Gymnolaemata, Stenolaemata 100 (list)
Parasitic helminths 111
Other 280 "Others" includes 85 marine and 195 terrestrial/freshwater

Vertebrates by class

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Mammals

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Main article: List of mammals of Ireland

Only 26 land mammal species (including bats, but not including marine mammals) are native to Ireland, because it has been isolated from the European mainland (by rising sea levels after the Midlandian Ice Age), since about 14,000 BC.[2][3] Some species, such as the red fox, European hedgehog, stoat, otter, pygmy shrew, and badger are common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer, and pine marten are less common and generally seen only in certain national parks and nature reserves around the island. Some introduced species have become thoroughly naturalised, e.g. the European rabbit, grey squirrel, bank vole,[4] and brown rat. In addition, ten species of bat are found in Ireland.

Extinct mammals

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During the Last Glacial Period, mammals such as the woolly mammoth, muskox,[5] wild horse, Irish elk (also known as the giant deer), brown bear, cave hyena, Arctic lemming, Arctic fox, wolf, and reindeer inhabited Ireland. Eurasian lynx remains are also known from some Holocene sites.[6]

Irish brown bears are thought to have become extinct around 1000-500 BC.[7] The last known Irish grey wolf was killed in 1786.[8]

Excavations of Barbary macaque remains from the Iron Age (dating to around 390 BC-20 BC) indicate the species was artificially brought to Ireland at some point in the past.[9]

Reptiles

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Further information: List of reptiles of Ireland
The viviparous lizard is the only land reptile native to Ireland.

Only one land reptile is native to the country, the viviparous lizard. It is common in national parks, particularly in the Wicklow Mountains. Slowworms are common in parts of The Burren area in County Clare, but they are not a native species and were probably introduced in the 1970s. Five marine turtle species appear regularly off the west coast, the leatherback, green, hawksbill, loggerhead, and Kemp's ridley, but they very rarely come ashore.

Legend attributes the absence of snakes in Ireland to Saint Patrick, who is said to have banished them from the island, chasing them into the sea after they assailed him during a 40-day fast he was undertaking on top of a hill. In reality, no species of snake ever inhabited Ireland, due to it losing its land-bridge to Britain before snakes came north after the Ice Age.[10][11]

Amphibians

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Further information: List of amphibians of Ireland

Three amphibians are found in Ireland, the common European brown frog, the smooth newt, and the natterjack toad. There are questions over whether the frog is actually native to Ireland, with some historic accounts stating that the frog was introduced in the 18th century. The natterjack toad is only found in a few localised sites in County Kerry and western County Cork. For atlases see Atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland. It reached Ireland sometime after the ice age.[12]

Birds

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Main article: List of birds of Ireland
The Atlantic puffin is a migratory bird to Ireland, common at coastal areas.

About 400 bird species have been recorded in Ireland. Many of these species are migratory. There are Arctic birds, which come in the winter, and birds such as the swallow, which come from Africa in the summer to breed. Many birds which are common residents in Britain and continental Europe are rare or unusual in Ireland, examples include the tawny owl, willow tit, marsh tit, nuthatch, and all woodpecker species except the recently established great spotted woodpecker.[13] These are birds which do not move great distances and their absence may be due to Ireland's early isolation, but also Ireland's mild weather means early breeding and choice of best habitats which gives residents an advantage over visitors.

Although Ireland has fewer breeding species than Britain and Continental Europe (because there are fewer habitat types, fewer deciduous woodlands, Scots pine forests, heaths, and high mountain ranges), there are important populations of species that are in decline elsewhere. Storm petrels (largest breeding numbers in the world), roseate tern, chough, and corncrake. Four species of bird have Irish subspecies. These are the coal tit (Parus ater hibernicus), dipper (Cinclus cinclus hibernicus), jay (Garrulus glandarius hibernicus), and red grouse ( Lagopus lagopus hibernicus).

The European robin is a year-round resident in Ireland.

The wren, robin, blackbird, and common chaffinch are the most widespread species, occurring in 90% of the land area. These and the rook, starling, great tit, and blue tit are among the most numerous and commonly seen. Over the period 1997–2007, populations of pigeons, warblers, tits, finches, and buntings have remained stable or shown an increase (there were massive declines during the 1970s). Kestrel, swift, skylark, and mistle thrush have continued to decline due to changes in agricultural practices such as increased use of pesticides and fertiliser. Climate change has also played a role.[14] For atlases see Atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland

Ireland has a rich marine avifauna, with many large seabird colonies dotted around its coastline such as those on the Saltee Islands, Skellig Michael, and the Copeland Islands. Also of note are golden eagles, recently reintroduced after decades of extinction (Golden Eagle Reintroduction Programme in County Donegal). Another conservation effort is habitat management to encourage the red-necked phalarope.

The white-tailed eagle, re-introduced in 2007 following a 200-year absence from Ireland.

South-eastern Wexford is an important site for birds - the north side of Wexford Harbour, the North Slob, is home to 10,000 Greenland white-fronted geese each winter (roughly one-third of the entire world's population), while in the summer Lady's Island Lake is an important breeding site for terns, especially the roseate tern. Three-quarters of the world population of pale bellied brent geese winter in Strangford Lough in County Down.

In 2001, the golden eagle was reintroduced into Glenveagh National Park after a 90-year absence from Ireland. A total of 46 golden eagles have been released in Ireland since 2001. In 2007, the first golden eagle chick hatched in Ireland since re-introduction.[15][16] In 2006, 30 red kite birds originally from Wales were released in the Wicklow Mountains. Six weeks later one was shot dead, it was found to have 8 shotgun pellets in it.[17] The first red kite chick hatched in 2010.[18] In 2007, the white-tailed eagle returned to Ireland with six young birds being released in Killarney National Park after an absence of over 200 years from Ireland. Fifteen of these birds have been released in total.[19][20] There are plans for the common crane to also return to Ireland in the future. While the osprey and marsh harrier have slowly returned to Ireland naturally.

In July 2019, Birdwatch Ireland reported that the Irish bird population was in "dramatic" decline, with 40 percent of the country's waterbirds, or half a million, lost in the prior 20 years. Loss of habitat was cited as the reason for the decline.[21] Other reasons were climate changes, agriculture, hedge cutting, pollution, and the burning of scrub.[22] Birdwatch Ireland called for the Citizens' Assembly to examine the biodiversity loss.[23] One of every five Irish bird species assessed in the survey was threatened with extinction.[24] Lapwing numbers, according to Birdwatch Ireland, were down 67% in twenty years.[25] It also said there had been an "almost complete extermination" of farmland birds, for example the corncrake.[22] The curlew was reported on the verge of extinction in Ireland, with only 150 pairs remaining. In the 1960s, 5,000 pairs had been reported.[22][26]

Fish

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Main article: List of fish of Ireland
Atlantic salmon

Ireland has 375 fish species in its coastal waters[27] and 40 freshwater species in its rivers and lakes.[28] Most of these are pelagic. There are many aquatic mammals too, such as bottlenose dolphins, orca whales, and harbour porpoises. Sea turtles are also common off the western seaboard, and the walrus has also been found around the Irish coasts, but is very rare with only a handful of sightings.[29] The cool, temperate waters around Ireland contain a huge variety of marine invertebrates[30] Some of this diversity can be observed in tide pools.

Common dragonet

There are 24 species of cetaceans and five species of sea turtles that have been recorded in Irish waters.[31] The giant squid has been recorded on five occasions.[32]

The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is often seen off the west coast of Ireland

The Porcupine Abyssal Plain which has an average depth of 4,774 m is on the continental margin southwest of Ireland. It is the habitat for many deep sea fish and was first investigated in the summers of 1868 and 1869 by Charles Wyville Thomsons H.M.S. Porcupine expedition. Other notable fish include the basking shark, ocean sunfish, conger eel, hagfish, boarfish (Capros aper), large-eyed rabbitfish, lumpsucker, cuckoo wrasse, and the thresher shark.

In a study of the marine fauna of the Celtic Sea based on 61 beam trawl catches, the common dragonet and the hermit crab Pagurus prideaux were the most ubiquitous species.[33]

Invertebrates by phylum

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Insects and other arthropods

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Calopteryx virgo, found only in the south of Ireland.

There are an estimated 11,500 species of insect recorded in Ireland (11,422 actual at October 2010: in well-known groups 1,400 of these moths, 33 species of dragonflies/damselflies and 34 species of butterfly). Many more remain to be found.[34] Six checklists of the Irish insect fauna have been published to date-Coleoptera,[35] Lepidoptera,[36] Diptera,[37][38] Hymenoptera,[39] and Hemiptera and small orders.[40] The history and rationale of the lists is detailed by O'Connor.[41] Spiders are represented by 378 species.[42] Literature on other Irish land invertebrates can be accessed on the CEDaR Literature Database[43] using the key words search facility. The site is regularly updated but gaps still exist.

For atlases See Atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland

Notable Irish species include the freshwater pearl mussel, diving bell spider, marsh fritillary butterfly, Kerry slug, Semilimax pyrenaicus, freshwater crayfish, the white prominent moth, and Roesel's bush-cricket.

The aquatic insect fauna is listed by Ashe et al.[44]

Extinctions

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Species that have become extinct in Ireland in historic times include the great auk, the Irish elk, the brown bear, Eurasian lynx, grey whale, and the wildcat. The last grey wolf in Ireland was killed by John Watson of Ballydarton on the slopes of Mount Leinster, County Carlow in 1786.[45][46] Many bird of prey species including the golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, and red kite have been re-introduced to national parks after absences between 90 and 200 years.

Zoology museums

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These are the Natural History Museum Dublin which opened in 1856 and the Ulster Museum in Belfast which opened in 1929. Ireland's universities hold smaller collections. Trinity College Dublin also has a Zoological museum that is open during the summer months.[47]

Research

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Irelands position on the continental shelf favours marine both marine life and faunal studies. There are two research stations Queen’s Marine Laboratory located on Strangford Lough and the Ryan Marine Science Institute in Galway.

In 2000, scientists in Ireland commenced a research programme called "Ag-Biota", concerning the impact of modern agriculture on biodiversity.[48]

There is also continuous monitoring and research on Irish biodiversity carried out by the National Biodiversity Data Centre based in Waterford.

History

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An early (1180) account of the fauna is given by Gerald of Wales in Topographia Hibernica and in 1652 Gerard Boate's Natural History of Ireland was published. Also in the 17th century Thomas Molyneux made observations. The Clare Island Survey (1909–11) organised by Robert Lloyd Praeger was the first comprehensive biological survey carried out in the world. It became a model for studies elsewhere.

Composition of the fauna

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Details of the composition of the Irish fauna by group are given by Ferriss, S. E., Smith, K. G. and Inskipp, T. P.(editors), 2009 Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna.[49] The online source is not up to date for all taxa.

Further reading

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  • Cabot,D. 2009 Ireland Collins New Naturalist Series ISBN 978-0-00-730859-0 Natural history of Ireland biological history, geology and climate, habitats and nature conservation. Flora and fauna
  • Michael Chinery (1 May 2009). British Insects: A Photographic Guide to Every Common Species. Harper Uk. ISBN 9780007298990.
  • Eric Dempsey; Michael O'Clery (1 November 2010). The Complete Field Guide to Ireland's Birds. Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-4668-0.
  • Clive D. Hutchinson (1989). Birds in Ireland. T & A.D Poyser. ISBN 978-0-85661-052-3.
  • Nunn, J.D. (ed.) 2002 Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001. Ulster Museum publication no. 8.
  • Irish Wildlife Manuals is a series of contract reports relating to the conservation management of habitats and species in Ireland. The volumes are published on an irregular basis by Ireland's National Parks and Wildlife Service.[50]
  • Praeger, R. Ll. 1950. Natural History of Ireland. Collins, London.
  • Michael Viney (15 October 2003). Ireland. Blackstaff Press. ISBN 978-0-85640-744-4.
  • Michael Viney; Ethna Viney (2008). Ireland's ocean: a natural history. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1-905172-66-5.
  • Paul Sterry, Dr.; Derek Mooney (31 October 2004). Collins Complete Irish Wildlife: Photoguide. HarperCollins (UK). p. 2004. ISBN 9780007176298.
  • Christopher Lever (November 2009). The Naturalized Animals of Britain and Ireland. New Holland Australia(AU). ISBN 978-1-84773-454-9.
  • Niall Mac Coitir; Gordon D'Arcy (20 November 2010). Ireland's Animals: Myths, Legends & Folklore. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1-84889-060-2.

Scientific journals

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Irish Biodiversity : a taxonomic inventory of fauna" (PDF). Npws.ie. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  2. ^ Costello, M.J. and Kelly, K.S., 1993 Biogeography of Ireland: past, present and future Irish Biogeographic Society Occasional Publications Number 2
  3. ^ Edwards, Robin & al. "The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" Accessed 15 February 2013.
  4. ^ Warner, Dick (28 January 2008). "Breaking the bank vole mystery".
  5. ^ Markova, A. K.; Puzachenko, A. Yu.; van Kolfschoten, T.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Kuznetsova, T. V.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Bachura, O. P.; Ponomarev, D. V.; van der Plicht, J.; Kuitems, M. (18 August 2015). "Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP" (PDF). Quaternary International. 378: 99–110. Bibcode:2015QuInt.378...99M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.020.
  6. ^ Monaghan, Nigel T. (2017), Coxon, Peter; McCarron, Stephen; Mitchell, Fraser (eds.), "Irish Quaternary Vertebrates", Advances in Irish Quaternary Studies, Paris: Atlantis Press, pp. 255–291, doi:10.2991/978-94-6239-219-9_9, ISBN 978-94-6239-218-2, retrieved 10 October 2024
  7. ^ "Bears". 9 November 2019.
  8. ^ Hickey, Kieran R. "A Geographical Perspective on the Decline and Extermination of the Irish Wolf canis lupus" (PDF). Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Galway. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Collins, Richard (27 May 2019). "Mystery of Barbary ape at Eamhain Mhacha". Irish Examiner.
  10. ^ William Erigena Robinson (1842). St. Patrick and the Irish: an oration, before the Hibernian Provident Society, of New Haven, March 17, 1842. New Haven Hibernian Provident Society. p. 8.
  11. ^ "Snakeless in Ireland: Blame Ice Age, Not St. Patrick - National Geographic News". Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  12. ^ Rowe, G.; Harris, J.; BeeBee, J. (2006). "Lusitania revisited: a phylogeographic analysis of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita across its entire biogeographical range" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 335–346. Bibcode:2006MolPE..39..335R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.021. PMID 16230033. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  13. ^ "RTÉNews". Archived from the original on 24 July 2009.
  14. ^ Coombes, R. H.et al., 2009 Countryside Bird Survey 1998-2007. BirdWatch Ireland Unpublished Report Publications Number 2
  15. ^ "Project Updates". Dublin, Ireland: Golden eagle Trust. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  16. ^ "Golden Eagle hatches in Donega". Dublin, Ireland: RTÉ News. 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  17. ^ "Rare eagle just released shot out of the sky". Independent.ie. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  18. ^ "Irish Examiner USA: First Red Kite Chicks In Ireland For 200 Years". Irishexaminerusa.com. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  19. ^ "White-tailed eagle takes flight in Ireland". Reuters. 16 August 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016.
  20. ^ "Rare eagle reintroduced to Ireland". Dublin, Ireland: RTÉ News. 16 August 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  21. ^ "Irish bird population in ‘dramatic’ decline, Oireachtas committee to hear": The Irish Times, Jack Horgan-Jones, published 2/2/2019
  22. ^ a b c "Bird populations suffering serious decline - Birdwatch Ireland": RTÉ, David Murphy, published 7/2/2019
  23. ^ "Birdwatch call for examination of biodiversity loss": RTÉ, published 7/2/2019
  24. ^ "Legislative changes have ‘weakened protections’ for breeding birds, TDs told": Irish Times, , published 7/2/2019
  25. ^ "Bird populations collapse: Today's warning": Irish Examiner, published 7/3/2019
  26. ^ "Irish bird numbers 'dramatically' declining with some species facing extinction": The Journal, published 2/2/2019
  27. ^ "List of Marine Fishes for Ireland". Fishbase.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  28. ^ "List of Freshwater Fishes reported from Ireland". Fishbase.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  29. ^ Cotton, D.C.F. (2007). "A critical review of Irish records of walrus Odobenus rosmarus (L.) with some unpublished observations from Counties Donegal, Sligo, and Galway". Ir. Nat. J. 28: 349–355.
  30. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ^ Berrow, S. 2001.Biological diversity of cetaceans (Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises) in Irish Waters. in Marine Bodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001. Ed. J.D.Nunn. Ulster Museum. MAGNI publication no. 008
  32. ^ "Research: Giant Squid". Archived from the original on 10 July 2009.
  33. ^ Ellis, J.R., Lancaster, J.E, Cadman, P.S. and Rogers, S.I. 2001. The marine fauna of the Celtic Sea. in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001. Ulster Museum publication no 8
  34. ^ Regan, Eugenie; Nelson, Brian; McCormack, Stephen; Nash, Robert; O'Connor, James P. (2010). "Countdown to 2010: Can we assess Ireland's insect species diversity and loss" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 110B (2): 109–117. doi:10.1353/bae.2010.0012. hdl:11019/563.
  35. ^ Anderson R., Nash, R. and O'Connor, J.P. 1997 Irish Coleoptera: a revised and annotated list Irish Naturalists' Journal Special Issue
  36. ^ Bond, K.G.M ., Nash, R. and O'Connor, J.P.2006 An annotated checklist of the Irish butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) The Irish Biogeographical Society and the National Museum of Ireland
  37. ^ Chandler, P.J., Nash, R, and O'Connor, J.P 2008, An Annotated Checklist of the Irish Two-winged flies (Diptera) The Irish Biogeographical Society and the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin
  38. ^ Chandler, P.J. (1998). Checklist of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera (Incorporating a List of Irish Diptera) Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects (PDF). Vol. 12. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  39. ^ O'Connor, J.P,Nash, R. and Broad, G. 2009"> An Annotated Checklist of the Irish Hymenoptera The Irish Biogeographical Society and the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin
  40. ^ O'Connor. J.P. and Nelson, B., 2012> An Annotated Checklist of the Irish Hemiptera and Small Orders.The Irish Biogeographical Society and the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin
  41. ^ O'Connor, J. P. (2013). "Checklisting the Irish insects" (PDF). Antenna. 37 (3): 124–127.
  42. ^ Helsdingen, P.J. van, 1996 A county distribution of Irish spiders, incorporating a revised catalogue of the species Irish Naturalists' Journal Special Issue
  43. ^ "CEDaR Literature Database". Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2009.
  44. ^ Ashe P., O'Connor J.P. & Murray D.A.: A Checklist of Irish Aquatic Insects. Occasional Publication of the Irish Biogeographical Society 3. Irish Biogeographical Society, Dublin, 1998, vi + 80 pp
  45. ^ The Irish Times, 1 May 2007.
  46. ^ D'Arcy, G., 1993 Ireland's Lost Birds Four Courts Press Ltd, Dublin
  47. ^ Dublin, Trinity College. "Museum : Zoology : Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland". Tcd.ie. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  48. ^ "Ag-Biota News and Links". Ucd.ie. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  49. ^ "Publications - National Parks & Wildlife Service" (PDF). Npws.ie. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  50. ^ "National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) - WebsiteIrish Wildlife Manuals". 18 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
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